Multiple Pathways for Regulating Complement Activation Limit the Potential Damage

question 23

Multiple Choice

Multiple pathways for regulating complement activation limit the potential damage caused by complement deposition on host cells or caused by the spontaneous activation of complement proteins in the plasma. Genetic deficiencies in these mechanisms often lead to chronic inflammatory diseases, but in some cases can paradoxically lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. This latter outcome may occur because:

• A) Complement regulatory proteins have dual functions in inhibiting and promoting complement activation.
• B) Uncontrolled complement activation leads to the depletion of serum complement proteins.
• C) The inhibition of the membrane attack complex by complement regulatory proteins normally leads to enhanced activation of the early steps of the complement pathway.
• D) Complement regulatory proteins normally cause the rapid depletion of plasma complement factors.
• E) Uncontrolled complement activation recruits the majority of phagocytic cells, leaving few remaining to fight infections in the tissues.

Understand the components and structure of ecosystems.

Distinguish between different ecological concepts such as populations, communities, and ecosystems.

Define and recognize the traits of r-strategists and opportunistic species.

Understand factors affecting biotic potential and population growth.

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Definitions:

Nodular Lesions

Small, rounded masses or lumps of abnormal tissue, often found in organs or the skin, which can be benign or malignant.

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred, causing severe breathing difficulties and reduced oxygen supply to the bloodstream.

Asbestosis

A lung disease resulting from the inhalation of asbestos particles, causing scarring of lung tissue.

Common Cold

A viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx, leading to symptoms like coughing and sneezing.