Myopia Can Be Corrected with Artificial Lenses or Surgery and Is

question 9

Multiple Choice

Myopia can be corrected with artificial lenses or surgery and is generally regarded as a benign disorder. However, as myopia is also associated with more severe conditions such as cataracts and glaucoma, a change in the prevalence of myopia (proportion of the population with myopia) may be a public health concern. The graph shows the change in the prevalence of myopia in three major ethnic groups in Singapore at three points in time.
Source: Adapted from Morgan, I.G., Ohno-Matsui, K., and Saw, S. M. (2012) . Myopia. Lancet, 379: 1739-1748.
-Public health scientists conclude that the change in myopia prevalence is a result of environmental and not genetic factors. Does the graph support this conclusion?

• A) Yes. All ethnic groups have similar rapid increases in myopia prevalence over time.
• B) Yes. All ethnic groups have similar rapid decreases in myopia prevalence over time.
• C) No. Only some ethnic groups increased in myopia prevalence over time.
• D) No. Some ethnic groups decreased in myopia prevalence over time.

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Definitions:

Direct Materials

Raw materials that can be directly traced to the production process of a specific good or service.

Manufacturing Overhead

Indirect costs related to manufacturing that are not directly tied to a specific product, such as utilities, rent, and management salaries.

Sunk Costs

Sunk costs are past expenditures that cannot be recovered and should not affect future business decisions since they remain the same regardless of the outcome.

Cost of Goods Manufactured

The total cost incurred to manufacture products, including materials, labor, and overhead, during a specific period.