In 2011, Scientists Investigated Whether the Salts That Are Spread

question 31

Multiple Choice

In 2011, scientists investigated whether the salts that are spread on icy roads to melt the ice are diluted enough by spring rainfall so that they do not have negative effects on amphibian species that breed in nearby areas. They exposed clutches (groups of eggs) of salamanders to three test conditions with varying salt concentrations (road salts mixed with dechlorinated tap water) to simulate salt concentrations of small pools of water located near highways that are typically fed by rain-areas where salamanders often lay their eggs. After 9 days, the scientists placed the three groups in "normal" water and measured how much body mass the salamanders lost every 3 days for 9 days. They chose to measure change in mass because salamanders are able to take in water, which helps lower the chances of salamander embryos dying from freezing, disease, or predation. The table below provides partial results of this study.
$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{|l|} \hline\\ \\\\\text { Group }\\ \hline1\\ \hline2\\ \hline\end{array}\begin{array}{lll} \hline\\\text {Chloride}\\\text {Concentration in}\\\text {Test Conditions}\\\hline 145 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L} \\\hline945 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}\\\hline\end{array}\begin{array}{|l|}\hline \text {Total \% Mass}\\\text{ Lost after 9 Days }\\\text{ of Exposure to}\\\text {Test Conditions}\\ \hline 20 \% \\ \hline35 \% \\ \hline\end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline \text {Total \% Mass}\\ \text {Regained after 9}\\ \text { Days in Normal}\\ \text { Water Conditions }\\ \hline15 \% \\ \hline 0 \% \\ \hline\end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline \text {Additional \%}\\ \text {Mass Lost after 9}\\ \text {Days in Nonmal}\\ \text {Water Conditions}\\\hline0 \% \\\hline10 \% \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What conclusion did scientists likely draw from this study?

• A) Rainy conditions may not be enough to dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will experience minimal physiological damage.
• B) Rainy conditions are enough to completely dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will not experience any permanent physiological damage.
• C) Rainy conditions are enough to completely dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will experience minimal physiological damage.
• D) Rainy conditions may not be enough to dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will face permanent physiological damage.

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Definitions:

RC Parallel Circuit

An electrical circuit configuration consisting of resistors (R) and capacitors (C) connected in parallel, affecting current and voltage differently.

R

Symbol commonly used to denote resistance in electrical circuits, measured in ohms (Ω).

Power Factor

The ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, indicating how effectively electrical power is converted into useful work output.

RC Parallel Circuit

An electrical circuit composed of resistors (R) and capacitors (C) connected in parallel, affecting the total impedance seen by an alternating current (AC) source.