In 2011, Scientists Investigated Whether the Salts That Are Spread

question 31

Multiple Choice

In 2011, scientists investigated whether the salts that are spread on icy roads to melt the ice are diluted enough by spring rainfall so that they do not have negative effects on amphibian species that breed in nearby areas. They exposed clutches (groups of eggs) of salamanders to three test conditions with varying salt concentrations (road salts mixed with dechlorinated tap water) to simulate salt concentrations of small pools of water located near highways that are typically fed by rain-areas where salamanders often lay their eggs. After 9 days, the scientists placed the three groups in "normal" water and measured how much body mass the salamanders lost every 3 days for 9 days. They chose to measure change in mass because salamanders are able to take in water, which helps lower the chances of salamander embryos dying from freezing, disease, or predation. The table below provides partial results of this study.
$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{|l|} \hline\\ \\\\\text { Group }\\ \hline1\\ \hline2\\ \hline\end{array}\begin{array}{lll} \hline\\\text {Chloride}\\\text {Concentration in}\\\text {Test Conditions}\\\hline 145 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L} \\\hline945 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}\\\hline\end{array}\begin{array}{|l|}\hline \text {Total \% Mass}\\\text{ Lost after 9 Days }\\\text{ of Exposure to}\\\text {Test Conditions}\\ \hline 20 \% \\ \hline35 \% \\ \hline\end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline \text {Total \% Mass}\\ \text {Regained after 9}\\ \text { Days in Normal}\\ \text { Water Conditions }\\ \hline15 \% \\ \hline 0 \% \\ \hline\end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline \text {Additional \%}\\ \text {Mass Lost after 9}\\ \text {Days in Nonmal}\\ \text {Water Conditions}\\\hline0 \% \\\hline10 \% \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What conclusion did scientists likely draw from this study?

• A) Rainy conditions may not be enough to dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will experience minimal physiological damage.
• B) Rainy conditions are enough to completely dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will not experience any permanent physiological damage.
• C) Rainy conditions are enough to completely dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will experience minimal physiological damage.
• D) Rainy conditions may not be enough to dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will face permanent physiological damage.

Identify the role of stimulus generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning.

Explain the methodology and outcomes of classical conditioning experiments.

Comprehend the significance of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and responses.

Appreciate the historical context and experimental foundation of classical conditioning.

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Definitions:

Brand Name

A name owned by a particular firm that distinguishes its products from those of other firms.

Economic Profit

The net gain of a company after deducting both its explicit and implicit expenditures from its aggregate revenue.

Monopolistic Competitor

a firm that operates in a market with many competitors, each offering a product that is similar but not identical.

Minimum ATC

The lowest point on the Average Total Cost curve, indicating the most efficient scale of production for minimizing costs.