Two Characteristics Shared by Gymnosperms and Angiosperms That Are Absent

question 72

Multiple Choice

Two characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms that are absent from earlier plant groups and represent key adaptations to life on dry land are

• A) a vascular system and lignin.
• B) flagellated sperm and gametangia.
• C) flowers and fruits.
• D) pollen and seeds.

Describe the hormonal mechanisms underlying mammalian reproductive behaviors and physiological responses.

Recognize the hormonal signals involved in metabolism, growth, and thyroid function regulation.

Illustrate the feedback mechanisms that maintain hormonal balances within the body.

Comprehend the effects of external substances on hormonal balance and bone density.

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Definitions:

Catabolism

All of the decomposition reactions that occur in the body; releases energy.

Glycolysis

A metabolic process that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP.

Pyruvate

Pyruvate is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, where it can be converted into acetyl-CoA for entry into the Krebs cycle or used for gluconeogenesis.

Anaerobic Respiration

Breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid and two ATPs; consists of glycolysis and the reduction of pyruvic acid to lactic acid.