In Chemiosmosis, What Is the Most Direct Source of Energy

question 20

Multiple Choice

In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + ℗i to ATP?

• A) energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system
• B) energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation
• C) energy released from dehydration synthesis reactions
• D) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient
• E) No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic.

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Definitions:

Transverse Foramen

Openings in the cervical vertebrae for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein, along with sympathetic nerve fibers.

Vertebral Foramen

The central canal in a vertebra through which the spinal cord passes.

Lamina

A part of the vertebral arch in the spinal column that forms the back portion of the spinal ring.

Costal Facet

The surface on a vertebra that articulates with a rib, involved in the movement and stability of the rib cage.