The Next Few Questions Refer to the Following Description

question 60

Multiple Choice

The next few questions refer to the following description.
On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species) . Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago.
-The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea

• A) descended from a now-extinct, non-African fruit fly.
• B) arrived on the island before D. yakuba.
• C) descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events.
• D) descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere.

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Definitions:

Dependent Loops

The sections of tubing or catheters that hang below the level of the patient's bladder or point of insertion, which can lead to backflow and increased risk of infection.

Collection Bag

A container used to collect bodily fluids or waste, such as urine or surgical drainage, directly from the body or a medical device.

Postvoid Residual

The amount of urine left in the bladder after urination, which can indicate urinary tract issues.

Bladder Scanner

A non-invasive portable ultrasound device used to measure the volume of urine in the bladder to help with diagnosis and management of urinary conditions.