Use the Following Information to Answer the Few Questions

question 34

Multiple Choice

Use the following information to answer the few questions.
The herpesviruses are very important enveloped DNA viruses that cause disease in all vertebrate species and in some invertebrates such as oysters. Some of the human ones are herpes simplex virus (HSV) types I and II, causing facial and genital lesions, and the varicella zoster virus (VSV) , causing chicken pox and shingles. Each of these three actively infects nervous tissue. Primary infections are fairly mild, but the virus is not then cleared from the host; rather, viral genomes are maintained in cells in a latent phase. The virus can then reactivate, replicate again, and be infectious to others.
-In electron micrographs of HSV infection, it can be seen that the intact virus initially reacts with cell-surface proteoglycans, then with specific receptors. This is later followed by viral capsids docking with nuclear pores. Afterward, the capsids go from being full to being "empty." Which of the following best fits these observations?

• A) Viral capsids are needed for the cell to become infected; only the capsids enter the nucleus.
• B) The viral envelope is not required for infectivity, since the envelope does not enter the nucleus.
• C) Only the genetic material of the virus is involved in the cell's infectivity, and is injected like the genome of a phage.
• D) The viral envelope mediates entry into the cell, the capsid enters into the nuclear membrane, and the genome is all that enters the nucleus.
• E) The viral capsid mediates entry into the cell, and only the genomic DNA enters the nucleus, where it may or may not replicate.

---

Definitions:

Writing

The act or process of forming letters, words, or symbols on a surface, typically to communicate ideas or convey information.

Centralized Political Authority

An organizational structure where a single entity or a small group of entities holds the majority of governing power and control, making key decisions that affect the society or nation.

Warfare

denotes conflict between different groups or states, often involving armed combat, strategies, and tactics to defeat the opponent.

Early Civilizations

The initial advanced societies that emerged around various parts of the world, characterized by the development of cities, writing systems, centralized governments, and complex social structures.