Scientific Views Are Based on Evidence Rather Than an Appeal

question 72

Multiple Choice

Scientific views are based on evidence rather than an appeal to authority. Which of the following statements demonstrates a conclusion based on evidence?

• A) We conclude that lungs evolved before swim bladders because a study of branching patterns shows that some of the oldest lineages of Osteichthyes have lungs.
• B) We conclude that lungs evolved before swim bladders because Darwin wrote that swim bladders evolved before lungs in The Origin of Species.
• C) We conclude that lungs evolved before swim bladders because the oldest osteichthyan fossils show lungs arising before swim bladders.
• D) We conclude that lungs evolved before swim bladders because Hox genes direct the evolution of swim bladders but not of lungs.

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Definitions:

Contract

An agreement that is enforceable by law, involving two or more parties, which stipulates their duties and entitlements.

Ratification

The act of officially approving an agreement or treaty, often by a vote or other formal decision.

Real Authority

The actual power given to an agent or representative to act on behalf of another person or entity in legal or business matters.

Apparent Authority

The appearance or assumption of authority based on the actions or statements of the principle, leading a third party to believe that an agent has the authority to act.