Solved

Along with Bacteria and Protozoa, Some Chytrid Fungi Live in the Digestive

question 32

Multiple Choice

Along with bacteria and protozoa, some chytrid fungi live in the digestive tracts of cattle and aid in the digestion of plant matter; thus, all three groups represent potential mutualists with cattle. In an experiment designed to test how much of a contribution to cell wall digestion was made by fungi in one part of the stomach (rumen) , Lee et al. fed grain to cattle and then removed samples of the rumen contents. They took these samples to the laboratory and experimentally treated them with various chemicals to produce fractions that contained (A) only fungi, (B) only bacteria, (C) only protozoa, and (D) all of the potential mutualists. They then measured the percent of the cell wall that was degraded (see the figure) . $Along with bacteria and protozoa, some chytrid fungi live in the digestive tracts of cattle and aid in the digestion of plant matter; thus, all three groups represent potential mutualists with cattle. In an experiment designed to test how much of a contribution to cell wall digestion was made by fungi in one part of the stomach (rumen) , Lee et al. fed grain to cattle and then removed samples of the rumen contents. They took these samples to the laboratory and experimentally treated them with various chemicals to produce fractions that contained (A) only fungi, (B) only bacteria, (C) only protozoa, and (D) all of the potential mutualists. They then measured the percent of the cell wall that was degraded (see the figure) . Degradation rates of cell walls extracted from Orchard grass by the monoculture system to assess the relative contributions of digestion by bacterial (square) , protozoan (triangle) , and fungal (diamond) systems, and all components (closed circle) as a control. The lowercase letters above the spots indicate statistical significance; mean values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) . -Predict the results if the researchers had used a control that contained no potential mutualists (negative control) . A) The negative control would have as much cell wall degradation as was shown by fungi alone. B) The negative control would have very little cell wall degradation. C) The negative control would have as much cell wall degradation as all three of the potential mutualists together. D) The negative control would have more cell wall digestion than protozoans alone.$
Degradation rates of cell walls extracted from Orchard grass by the monoculture system to assess the relative contributions of digestion by bacterial (square) , protozoan (triangle) , and fungal (diamond) systems, and all components (closed circle) as a control. The lowercase letters above the spots indicate statistical significance; mean values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) .
-Predict the results if the researchers had used a control that contained no potential mutualists (negative control) .

Definitions:

Less Risky Decision

A decision-making approach that prioritizes options with lower potential for negative outcomes or loss.

Mindguards

Individuals within a group who limit access to information to prevent dissent or critical thinking that might challenge the group's consensus.

Protecting

Ensuring safety or defending something from harm, damage, or adverse conditions.

Illusion of Invulnerability

A cognitive bias leading individuals or groups to underestimate risks and overestimate their ability to control outcomes.