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Along with Bacteria and Protozoa, Some Chytrid Fungi Live in the Digestive

question 4

Multiple Choice

Along with bacteria and protozoa, some chytrid fungi live in the digestive tracts of cattle and aid in the digestion of plant matter; thus, all three groups represent potential mutualists with cattle. In an experiment designed to test how much of a contribution to cell wall digestion was made by fungi in one part of the stomach (rumen) , Lee et al. fed grain to cattle and then removed samples of the rumen contents. They took these samples to the laboratory and experimentally treated them with various chemicals to produce fractions that contained (A) only fungi, (B) only bacteria, (C) only protozoa, and (D) all of the potential mutualists. They then measured the percent of the cell wall that was degraded (see the figure) . $Along with bacteria and protozoa, some chytrid fungi live in the digestive tracts of cattle and aid in the digestion of plant matter; thus, all three groups represent potential mutualists with cattle. In an experiment designed to test how much of a contribution to cell wall digestion was made by fungi in one part of the stomach (rumen) , Lee et al. fed grain to cattle and then removed samples of the rumen contents. They took these samples to the laboratory and experimentally treated them with various chemicals to produce fractions that contained (A) only fungi, (B) only bacteria, (C) only protozoa, and (D) all of the potential mutualists. They then measured the percent of the cell wall that was degraded (see the figure) . Degradation rates of cell walls extracted from Orchard grass by the monoculture system to assess the relative contributions of digestion by bacterial (square) , protozoan (triangle) , and fungal (diamond) systems, and all components (closed circle) as a control. The lowercase letters above the spots indicate statistical significance; mean values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) . -Which of the following reasons provides the best explanation for the use of a control that contained all potential mutualists? Comparison to a fraction that contained all potential mutualists allowed the researchers to ________. A) demonstrate that their laboratory culture conditions allowed all potential mutualists to grow B) determine how much each potential mutualist contributed to cell wall degradation C) better mimic the conditions of the rumen D) demonstrate that the various potential mutualists did not compete with each other$
Degradation rates of cell walls extracted from Orchard grass by the monoculture system to assess the relative contributions of digestion by bacterial (square) , protozoan (triangle) , and fungal (diamond) systems, and all components (closed circle) as a control. The lowercase letters above the spots indicate statistical significance; mean values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) .
-Which of the following reasons provides the best explanation for the use of a control that contained all potential mutualists? Comparison to a fraction that contained all potential mutualists allowed the researchers to ________.

Understand how psychophysiological tests are conducted and interpreted.

Understand the concept of fixed, variable, and total costs in production.

Calculate average fixed, average variable, and average total costs given specific data.

Identify cost curves and their significance in short-run production costs.

Definitions:

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without the need for prior learning.

Conditioned Response

A learned reaction to a specific stimulus as a result of consistent pairing with another stimulus.

Systematic Desensitization

A behavioral therapy technique used to reduce anxiety or fear through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation paired with relaxation exercises.

Relaxation Training

Techniques designed to teach individuals how to reduce stress and tension in the body, promoting a state of calm.