Humans, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, and Orangutans Are Members of a Clade

question 42

Multiple Choice

Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of a clade called the "great apes", which shared a common ancestor about 15 million years ago. Gibbons and siamangs comprise a clade called the "lesser apes". Tree-branch lengths indicate elapsed time.
Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes ________.

• A) polyphyletic
• B) paraphyletic
• C) monophyletic
• D) into a new order

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Definitions:

Opportunity Costs

The cost of forgoing the next best alternative when making a decision.

Sunk Costs

Costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered or altered, and thus should not affect future business decisions.

Side-Effect Costs

Unintended expenses or losses that occur as a result of business decisions, not directly related to the project in question.

Incremental Overhead

Additional overhead costs that are incurred when an organization increases its production volume or undertakes new activities.