Three Living Species X, Y, and Z Share a Common

question 22

Multiple Choice

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up ________.

• A) a monophyletic taxon
• B) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup
• C) a paraphyletic group
• D) a polyphyletic group

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Definitions:

Optimist

An individual inclined to see the more favorable side of events or conditions and to expect the most favorable outcome.

Expectations

Beliefs or anticipation about the way events, behaviors, or things should happen or be.

Learned Helplessness

A psychological condition in which an individual becomes passive and unable to act to escape adverse situations due to previous exposure to uncontrollable events.

Pessimistic Explanatory Style

A tendency to explain negative events as permanent, pervasive, and personal causes, often linked to feelings of helplessness and depression.