The Presence of Association Between Two Variables Does Not Necessarily

question 10

Multiple Choice

The presence of association between two variables does not necessarily imply causation for the following reason(s) :

• A) the association between two variables may result simply from pure chance
• B) the association between two variables may be the result of the influence of a third common factor
• C) both variables may be the cause and the effect at the same time
• D) a and b
• E) a,b,and c