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Fix It After Reading About the Mozart Effect, Francis Wants to Examine

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After reading about the Mozart effect, Francis wants to examine whether music makes you smarter. He asks 200 people to report how much time they listen to music during a typical week and what their IQ is. He divides the participants into two groups based on their IQ: those with an IQ of less than 100, and those with an IQ of greater than 100. He compares the amount of time each group listens to music using an independent t-test. His results indicate those with an IQ of 100 or more listen to significantly more music than those with an IQ of 100 or less. Francis presents his work at a regional psychology conference. The title of his poster, "Music Makes You Smarter," draws a lot of attention. Many people who talk to Francis about the study say his design cannot infer causality and he analyzed the data incorrectly. What do you think they are referring to? Do you think they are being too hard on him? Fix it!

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Definitions:

Part-Time Workers

Employees who work fewer hours than a full-time schedule, typically by choice or due to the nature of the job, often resulting in reduced benefits and pay.

Voluntary Part-Timers

Individuals who choose to work part-time hours instead of a full-time schedule for personal reasons, such as flexibility or personal fulfillment.

Involuntary Part-Timers

Workers who are employed less than full-time due to economic reasons, such as a scarcity of full-time positions, rather than by personal choice.

Superordinates

Superordinates are individuals or groups in a higher position of authority or rank in a social hierarchy or structure.