Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 7

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton, R. D., Srinivas, K. & Greene, A. J. (1997) . Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory. To that end, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic. The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second, and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second. After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words. Like the study phase, the modality of words presented in the test phase varied; one test was haptic and one test was visual. However, unlike the study phase, participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition. During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words, 10 of which had been studied visually, 10 of which had been studied haptically, and 10 of which had not been studied previously. Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study. The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically. Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
-(Scenario I) Suppose the participants studied the words either visually or haptically, and then were presented either visual or haptic words at test. This design would now be a:

• A) 2 × 2 between-groups design.
• B) 2 × 2 within-subjects design.
• C) 2 × 2 mixed design.
• D) 2 × 2 single case design.

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Definitions:

Carbon

A chemical element with symbol C, capable of forming many compounds including carbon dioxide and organic molecules.

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The layer of gases surrounding a planet or celestial body, gravitationally bound to it, and essential for many life forms.

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The ocean is a vast body of saltwater that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface, important for climate regulation, transportation, and providing a habitat for countless species.

Biogeochemical Cycles

These are natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated through the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of the Earth.