Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 78

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012) . Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4) , 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE) . The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
-(Scenario II) When developing the Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey the authors formatted items in a way to minimize the likelihood of participants providing a response set. This was done by:

• A) keeping the response alternatives to each item consistent.
• B) including reverse items in the final scale.
• C) alternating between open-ended and close-ended questions.
• D) creating all items with only forced-choice response options.

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Definitions:

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Bell-Shaped Pattern

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Normal Curve

A bell-shaped curve that represents the distribution of many types of data where most observations cluster around the central peak and probabilities for values decrease as they move away from the center.

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Alloys used in various applications; brass is a combination of copper and zinc, while steel is an alloy of iron with carbon and sometimes other elements.