Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 86

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012) . Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4) , 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE) . The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
-(Scenario II) Suppose the authors of the Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey stated it had strong convergent validity. The evidence to support this statement would likely include data showing:

• A) their survey included a wide range of elements related to physical education.
• B) a positive correlation between kids' attitudes on this instrument and kids' attitudes on a similar instrument.
• C) the survey does not correspond to measures of other unrelated variables.
• D) All of the above.

Recognize the historical figures and their contributions to the field of learning and conditioning.

Understand the implications of learned associations on behavior and decision-making.

Understand the concept of classical conditioning and its significance in learning behavior.

Identify and differentiate between conditioned stimuli (CS) and unconditioned stimuli (US).

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Definitions:

Beck's Assumptions

Cognitive distortions identified in cognitive therapy, especially in the treatment of depression, which describe common negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future.

Cross-Cultural Study

Research designed to compare and contrast cultural norms, values, and practices across different societies or ethnic groups.

Psychodynamic Clinician

A mental health professional who uses psychodynamic theories and methods to understand and treat psychological disorders by exploring the unconscious mind and interpersonal relationships.

Existential Clinician

A therapist who incorporates existential philosophy into therapy, focusing on issues such as meaning, choice, and existential anxiety.