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Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 45

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is presents fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Sikorski, A.M., Hebert, N. & Swain, R.A. (2008) . Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) inhibits new vessel growth in the mammalian brain. Brain Research, 1213, 35-40
Exercise and Angiogenesis
Sikorski, Hebert, and Swain (2008) examined whether physical activity led to vascular changes in the cerebellum of rats. To that end, animals were randomly assigned to an exercise condition or to an inactive control condition. Animals that exercised had free access to a running wheel attached to their home cage. Animals in the inactive condition were housed in a cage of a similar size, but they had no access to physical activity beyond the confines of the cage. To examine vascular changes the researchers removed the brains of animals after 30 days in their respective condition. The cerebellums were then sliced and stained to visualize the lumen of the blood vessels. Stereology was used to quantify vasculature. The results showed that animals permitted to voluntarily exercise had a significantly greater blood vessel density than their inactive counterparts. This suggests that exercise has a direct effect on the structure of the brain. These morphological changes may underlie a variety of exercise-mediated cognitive enhancements.
-(Scenario III) Even after reading the paper described in Scenario III, Jeffrey still has serious questions about whether exercise does, in fact, alter brain vasculature. He therefore decides to conduct the study himself to see if he obtains similar results. Jeffrey is conducting a:

Comprehend the relationship between reinforcement and rewards in motivating employees.

Understand the differences between classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory in acquiring new behaviors.

Differentiate between negative reinforcement, punishment, and positive reinforcement and their outcomes.

Understand the concept of reinforcement schedules in behavior modification and their impact on the extinction of behavior.

Definitions:

Complementary Factors

Complementary factors in economics refer to goods or inputs that are used together in production or consumption, where an increase in demand for one leads to an increase in demand for the other.

White-collar Employment

Jobs that typically involve professional, managerial, or administrative work, often in an office setting, as opposed to blue-collar jobs that involve manual labor.

Substitution Effect

The change in demand for a good due to a change in its price, leading consumers to substitute it with another product.

Output Effect

When the price of any resource rises, the cost of production rises, which, in turn, lowers the supply of the final product. When supply falls, price rises, consequently reducing output.