Discuss Urban Ecology and Urbanism- the Two Approaches to Understanding

question 40

Essay

Discuss urban ecology and urbanism- the two approaches to understanding urban life that were developed by the Chicago School.How have contributions by new researchers,such as Jane Jacobs,David Harvey,and Manuel Castells,added to or replaced these earlier ideas?

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Definitions:

Reinforcement Schedules

In operant conditioning, the rule that is used to determine when and how frequently an action should be reinforced.

Positive Reinforcement

A technique used in behavior modification that increases the likelihood of a behavior by associating it with a positive outcome or reward.

Negative Reinforcement

A behavioral principle where a response is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

Desired Response

The specific reaction or outcome that is aimed for or anticipated in a particular situation, experiment, or communication.