Figure 4-17 -Refer to Figure 4-17.At a Price of

question 25

Multiple Choice

Figure 4-17
-Refer to Figure 4-17.At a price of

• A)$2,there is a surplus of 6 units.
• B)$5,there is a surplus of 25 units.
• C)$5,there is a shortage of $25.
• D)$7,there is a surplus of 4 units.

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Definitions:

Negative Punishment

A type of behavior modification that involves the removal of a desirable stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Negative Reinforcement

A behavioral principle where the removal of an unfavorable event or outcome after the display of a behavior increases the likelihood of that behavior in the future.

Negative Expectation

The anticipation of undesirable outcomes or results in a given situation, which can influence one's perception and behavior.

Learned Helplessness

A condition in which a person or animal has learned to behave helplessly, failing to respond even though there are opportunities to avoid unpleasant circumstances or gain positive rewards.