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Economists normally assume that the goal of a firm is to earn i) profits as large as possible, even if it means reducing output.
Ii) profits as large as possible, even if it means incurring a higher total cost.
Iii) revenues as large as possible, even if it reduces profits.
Unanticipated Macroeconomic Events
Economic events that are unexpected and can have significant impacts on markets and investments, such as sudden changes in inflation or interest rates.
Security's Return
The total gain or loss experienced on an investment over a specified period, expressed as a percentage.
Expected Return
The anticipated return on an investment, reflecting the probabilities of various outcomes.
Covariances
A measure indicating the extent to which two variables change together; if the variables tend to show similar behavior, the covariance is positive.
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