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National defense and knowledge are generally considered to be
P-value
The probability of observing a statistical summary (for example, the difference in means between two groups) at least as extreme as the one observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
Null Hypothesis
A proposition in statistics that implies no association or difference between groups or variables.
Alternative Hypothesis
A statement that directly contradicts the null hypothesis by stating there is a statistically significant effect or difference.
Null Hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis that assumes no significant difference or effect, serving as a default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena.
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