In Place of the Psychological Tests of Certainty Used by Descartes

question 29

Multiple Choice

In place of the psychological tests of certainty used by Descartes, Leibniz used:

• A) emotional criteria.
• B) logical criteria.
• C) mathematical criteria.
• D) empiricist criteria.
• E) None of the above

---

Definitions:

Cumulative Distribution

A function that shows the probability that a random variable takes a value less than or equal to a specific value.

Percentile Rank

A measure showing the percent of scores within its distribution that it equals or surpasses.

Standard Deviation

A statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values, indicating how much the values differ from the mean.

Raw Score

The initial, unadjusted score obtained from a test or assessment, prior to any transformations or scaling.