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Imagine We Were Interested in the Effect of Supporters Singing

question 10

Multiple Choice

Imagine we were interested in the effect of supporters singing on the number of goals scored by soccer teams. We took 10 groups of supporters of 10 different soccer teams and asked them to attend three home games, one at which they were instructed to sing in support of their team (e.g., 'Come on, you Reds!') , one at which they were instructed to sing negative songs towards the opposition (e.g., 'You're getting sacked in the morning!') and one at which they were instructed to sit quietly. The order of chanting was counterbalanced across groups.
-An ANOVA with a simple contrasts using the last category as a reference was conducted. Looking at the output tables below, which of the following sentences regarding the contrasts is correct? $Imagine we were interested in the effect of supporters singing on the number of goals scored by soccer teams. We took 10 groups of supporters of 10 different soccer teams and asked them to attend three home games, one at which they were instructed to sing in support of their team (e.g., 'Come on, you Reds!') , one at which they were instructed to sing negative songs towards the opposition (e.g., 'You're getting sacked in the morning!') and one at which they were instructed to sit quietly. The order of chanting was counterbalanced across groups. -An ANOVA with a simple contrasts using the last category as a reference was conducted. Looking at the output tables below, which of the following sentences regarding the contrasts is correct? \begin{array}{l} \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Descriptive Statistics }\\ \begin{array} { | l | c | c | c | } \hline & \text { Mean } & \begin{array} { c } \text { Std. } \\ \text { Deviation } \end{array} & \mathrm { N } \\ \hline \begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\ \text { when supporters sang } \\ \text { songs of encouragement } \\ \text { to their team } \end{array} & 2.90 & 1.197 & 10 \\ \begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\ \text { when supporters sang } \\ \text { songs of abuse towards } \\ \text { the opposition } \end{array} & .70 & .675 & 10 \\ \begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\ \text { when supporters sat } \\ \text { quietly } \end{array} & 1.50 & 1.080 & 10 \\ \hline \end{array} \end{array} \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts Measure: MEASURE_1 \begin{array}{ll|r|r|r|r|r} \text { Source } & \text { Singing } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Type III Sum } \\ \text { of Squares } \end{array} & {\text { df }} & \text { Mean Square } & {\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} \\ \hline \text { Singing } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 19.600 & 1 & 19.600 & 7.230 & .025 \\ & \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 6.400 & 1 & 6.400 & 6.000 & .037 \\ \hline \text { Error(Singing) } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 24.400 & 9 & 2.711 & & \\ & \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 9.600 & 9 & 1.067 & & \end{array} A) The first contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly fewer goals when their supporters did not sing compared to when they sang negative songs.The second contrast revealed that soccer teams scored a similar amount of goals when their supporters sang positive songs compared to when they did not sing. B) The first contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs compared to when they did not sing.The second contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly fewer goals when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they did not sing. C) The first contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs compared to when they did not sing.The second contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly fewer goals when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they sang positive songs. D) The first contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs compared to when they did not sing.The second contrast revealed that soccer teams did not significantly differ in the number of goals scored when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they did not sing.$ $\begin{array}{l}\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Descriptive Statistics }\\\begin{array} { | l | c | c | c | } \hline & \text { Mean } & \begin{array} { c } \text { Std. } \\\text { Deviation }\end{array} & \mathrm { N } \\\hline \begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\\text { when supporters sang } \\\text { songs of encouragement } \\\text { to their team }\end{array} & 2.90 & 1.197 & 10 \\\begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\\text { when supporters sang } \\\text { songs of abuse towards } \\\text { the opposition }\end{array} & .70 & .675 & 10 \\\begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\\text { when supporters sat } \\\text { quietly }\end{array} & 1.50 & 1.080 & 10 \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$ $Imagine we were interested in the effect of supporters singing on the number of goals scored by soccer teams. We took 10 groups of supporters of 10 different soccer teams and asked them to attend three home games, one at which they were instructed to sing in support of their team (e.g., 'Come on, you Reds!') , one at which they were instructed to sing negative songs towards the opposition (e.g., 'You're getting sacked in the morning!') and one at which they were instructed to sit quietly. The order of chanting was counterbalanced across groups. -An ANOVA with a simple contrasts using the last category as a reference was conducted. Looking at the output tables below, which of the following sentences regarding the contrasts is correct? \begin{array}{l} \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Descriptive Statistics }\\ \begin{array} { | l | c | c | c | } \hline & \text { Mean } & \begin{array} { c } \text { Std. } \\ \text { Deviation } \end{array} & \mathrm { N } \\ \hline \begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\ \text { when supporters sang } \\ \text { songs of encouragement } \\ \text { to their team } \end{array} & 2.90 & 1.197 & 10 \\ \begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\ \text { when supporters sang } \\ \text { songs of abuse towards } \\ \text { the opposition } \end{array} & .70 & .675 & 10 \\ \begin{array} { l } \text { Number of goals scored } \\ \text { when supporters sat } \\ \text { quietly } \end{array} & 1.50 & 1.080 & 10 \\ \hline \end{array} \end{array} \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts Measure: MEASURE_1 \begin{array}{ll|r|r|r|r|r} \text { Source } & \text { Singing } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Type III Sum } \\ \text { of Squares } \end{array} & {\text { df }} & \text { Mean Square } & {\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} \\ \hline \text { Singing } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 19.600 & 1 & 19.600 & 7.230 & .025 \\ & \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 6.400 & 1 & 6.400 & 6.000 & .037 \\ \hline \text { Error(Singing) } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 24.400 & 9 & 2.711 & & \\ & \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 9.600 & 9 & 1.067 & & \end{array} A) The first contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly fewer goals when their supporters did not sing compared to when they sang negative songs.The second contrast revealed that soccer teams scored a similar amount of goals when their supporters sang positive songs compared to when they did not sing. B) The first contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs compared to when they did not sing.The second contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly fewer goals when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they did not sing. C) The first contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs compared to when they did not sing.The second contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly fewer goals when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they sang positive songs. D) The first contrast revealed that soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs compared to when they did not sing.The second contrast revealed that soccer teams did not significantly differ in the number of goals scored when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they did not sing.$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts
Measure: MEASURE_1
$\begin{array}{ll|r|r|r|r|r}\text { Source } & \text { Singing } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type III Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} & {\text { df }} & \text { Mean Square } & {\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { Singing } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 19.600 & 1 & 19.600 & 7.230 & .025 \\& \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 6.400 & 1 & 6.400 & 6.000 & .037 \\\hline \text { Error(Singing) } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 24.400 & 9 & 2.711 & & \\& \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 9.600 & 9 & 1.067 & &\end{array}$

Definitions:

Conjunction

In logic, an operator that connects two statements or propositions so that the resulting statement is true only if both components are true.

Disjunction

A logical operation yielding a true value if at least one of its operands is true.

Conditional

A statement in logic that is compound and expresses a factual possibility or hypothetical situation and its consequence.

Biconditional

A logical connective indicating a statement in which two conditions are both necessary and sufficient for each other.