Why Are There No Spruces in the Early Seral Stages

question 31

Multiple Choice

Why are there no spruces in the early seral stages of succession at Glacier Bay?

• A) Spruce seeds are not likely to disperse to the pioneer and low-shrub stages.
• B) Spruce seedlings are inhibited by the presence of low shrubs.
• C) Spruce seedlings are not tolerant to the environmental fluctuations in the pioneer stage.
• D) There are few alder trees in the early seral stages to facilitate spruce establishment.

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