Which Is an Example of a Trait-Mediated Indirect Effect

question 22

Multiple Choice

Which is an example of a trait-mediated indirect effect?

• A) A predator causes a consumer to change its foraging pattern, affecting the amount of food consumed.
• B) Predators consume most of their main prey, then switch to omnivory.
• C) Herbivores migrate in and out of communities depending on perceived predation risk.
• D) Herbivores consume vegetation, which reduces hiding places for predators stalking their prey.

---

Definitions:

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness, also playing a role in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep.

Lithium

A chemical element often used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and other mental health conditions to stabilize mood.

Bipolar Disorder

A mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of elevated mood or mania, leading to significant changes in behavior and energy levels.

Mood-stabilizing Drug

Medications used primarily to treat mood disorders and prevent swings between mania and depression.