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In order to avoid principal-agent problems, McDonald's uses all but one of the following franchising tactics. Which is the exception?
Observational Learning
A learning process through watching others, retaining the information, and later replicating the behaviors that were observed.
Models
Representations, often simplified or idealized, used to explain, predict, or simulate complex systems or behaviors.
Real-world Concerns
Issues or problems that affect individuals, communities, or societies in practical, everyday life rather than theoretical contexts.
Negative Reinforcement
A behavioral principle where the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior makes the behavior more likely to occur in the future.
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