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Suppose that USB Corp has $100m invested in 8% risk-free bonds that mature in one-year. The company also has $80m in debt outstanding that will also mature in a year. USB shareholders are considering selling the $100m in debt and investing in a project that has a 60% chance of returning $200m and a 40% chance of returning $2m. Agency costs: What is the expected value of the equity if the shareholders sell the debt?
Long-Run Equilibrium
A market condition where all inputs can be adjusted, firms are entering and exiting the market, and no economic profits are made, leading to a state of perfect competition.
Monopolistic Competition
An economic setup in which numerous firms offer products that are alike but not the same, enabling competition to revolve around quality, pricing, and promotional strategies.
Average Total Cost
The average cost per unit of output, calculated by dividing the total cost by the quantity of output produced.
Perfect Competition
A market structure characterized by a large number of small firms, a homogeneous product, perfect information, and free entry and exit, leading to price-taking behavior.
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