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If organizations rewarded individuals according to criteria such as seniority, creativity and initiative rather than for performance, then expectancy theory might be much more valid.
Managers
Individuals who are responsible for directing and overseeing the work of a group of people in an organization.
Reinforcement Theory
A psychological concept suggesting that behavior can be controlled or modified through the use of rewards or punishments.
Operant Conditioning Strategies
Techniques based on the principle that behaviors can be increased or decreased through rewards and punishments.
Maslow's Hierarchy
A theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow that outlines a five-tier model of human needs, depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
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