Which of the Following Is the Numerator of the Test

question 67

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the numerator of the test statistic for the related-samples t test?

• A) the sum of the difference scores for each participant
• B) the value of the test statistic plus the degrees of freedom
• C) the mean difference observed minus the mean difference stated in a null hypothesis
• D) estimated standard error for difference scores

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Definitions:

Primary Reinforcers

Innate reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic biological needs or desires, such as food, water, and sleep, without learning.

Secondary Reinforcers

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers, such as money getting its value from the things it can buy.

Schedules of Reinforcement

The specific patterns and timings of rewards or punishments that control the rate and timing of responses in operant conditioning.

Response Pattern

The characteristic manner in which an individual or system reacts to a specific stimulus or series of stimuli.