Which of the Following Is an Example of a Density-Independent

question 3

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor?

• A) parasite infection
• B) males fighting for access to females
• C) wolf packs in territory disputes
• D) spread of West Nile virus among chickadees
• E) flooding after heavy rains

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Definitions:

Income Effect

The Income Effect describes how changes in an individual's income affect their purchasing capacity and thus their demand for goods and services.

Inferior Good

A type of good for which demand decreases as the income of consumers increases, opposite to normal goods.

Substitution Effect

The economic principle that as the price of a good rises, consumers will replace it with cheaper alternatives, whereas if its price falls, the good will be favored over more expensive substitutes.

Total Effect

Refers to the entire impact or outcome resulting from a specific action or series of actions, considering all direct and indirect consequences.