We Wish to Lower the Freezing Point of the Water

question 70

Multiple Choice

We wish to lower the freezing point of the water in an automobile radiator to -40°C. The total mass of water present is 12.0 kg. For which one of the following compounds would we have to use the greatest mass of solute to achieve this? You may assume that Kf for water = -1.86°C/m and that all ionizable solutes are completely ionized with unit activity even at this high concentration.

• A) AlF3 (M.W. = 84 g/mol)
• B) C₂H₅OH (M.W. = 46 g/mol)
• C) CaCl₂ (M.W. = 111 g/mol)
• D) C₃H₆(OH)₂ (M.W. = 76 g/mol)
• E) NaCl (M.W. = 58.5 g/mol)

---

Definitions:

Career Ladder

A metaphor for the structured and sequential order of advancement or promotion within a company or industry, offering a path of progression from entry-level to higher-level positions.

Hierarchy

A structure where individuals or groups are organized in levels of importance or authority, one above another.

Technical Qualifications

The specific skills, knowledge, and abilities required to perform a particular job or task effectively.

Division Of Labor

The assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different individuals in order to improve efficiency.