Alterations in the Ratio of CD4:CD8 Lymphocytes Are Associated with Risk

question 31

Multiple Choice

Alterations in the ratio of CD4:CD8 lymphocytes are associated with risk of HIV infection progressing to AIDS, of autoimmune diseases, and of progression of some cancers. In searching for predictors of these effects in normal individuals, researchers have found two independent QTLs in the region of the genome known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) , one in a region regulating CD8 and the other in a region regulating CD4. What does this indicate for the general population?

• A)Mutation in one or both of these genes causes HIV and AIDS.
• B)Autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes are caused by one of these genes.
• C)Variation in linkage disequilibrium with one or both of these mutations may increase the risk of autoimmune disease.
• D)Only one mutation can be the cause of rheumatoid arthritis.
• E)The probability of an autoimmune disease demonstrates that additive genes are involved.

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Definitions:

Consumer Surplus

The economic benefit consumers receive when they pay a price below what they were willing to pay, reflecting consumer satisfaction in economic transactions.

Consumer Surplus

The disparity between the ideal payment consumers are ready to make for a good or service and the real amount paid.

Total Expenditure

The overall amount of money spent by individuals, households, or an economy on goods and services over a specific period of time.

Snob Effect

Negative network externality in which a consumer wishes to own an exclusive or unique good.