Which of the Following Best Addresses the Nature of the Threat

question 80

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by instrumentation?

• A) changes in how variable is measured during the course of the study
• B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
• C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
• D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Understand the role of meta-communication and nonverbal signals in communication.

Discuss the impact of open vs. closed communication on message interpretation.

Comprehend the principles and practices of active listening and constructive feedback.

Examine the contextual factors that influence the level of openness in communication.

---

Definitions:

Common Stock

Equity securities that represent ownership in a company, providing voting rights and a share in the company’s profits through dividends.

Equity Method

A method of accounting for investments, where the investor recognizes its share of investee's profits and losses in its own income statement, typically used when the investor has significant influence over the investee.

Noncontrolling Interest

The portion of equity in a subsidiary held by investors other than the parent company, representing a minority stake that does not give its holders control over the company.

Intra-entity Purchases

Buying activities of goods or services conducted between departments or divisions within the same entity.