Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 182

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Garza-Villarreal, E. A., Wilson, A. D., Vase, L., et al. (2014) . Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(90) , 1-10.
Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain
Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia. The study was designed so that pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and mobility were measured twice for each participant. The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes, and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes. The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them. The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first. Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale. Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale. Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness. Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair. The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music, but not after they listened to white noise. In addition, music, but not white noise, reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task. This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception.
-(Scenario I) Systematic error in measurement in Scenario I would have occurred if:

• A) the researchers cringed when participants in the control condition self-reported their pain.
• B) the researchers cringed when participants in the experimental condition self-reported their pain.
• C) A and B
• D) either A or B

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Definitions:

Cathartic Processes

Therapeutic methods that aim to relieve emotional tensions and conflicts through the expression and processing of deep-seated feelings.

Role Disputes

Conflicts that arise when individuals disagree on the expectations associated with a particular role they hold in a relationship or society.

Interpersonal Deficits

Challenges or problems in an individual's ability to relate to, interact with, or understand others in social contexts.

Communication Skills

The capacity to convey or exchange information, ideas, and feelings effectively through verbal, non-verbal, written, and visual means.