Paul Is Usually Successful on the Math Problems His Teacher

question 5

Multiple Choice

Paul is usually successful on the math problems his teacher assigns at school, although he occasionally fails on one or two problems. In contrast, Peter's experiences with mathematics are almost always associated with frustration and failure. Considering contemporary views of the roles of contiguity and contingency in classical conditioning, who will acquire classically conditioned anxiety regarding mathematics?

• A) Both Paul and Peter will develop a considerable degree of mathematics anxiety.
• B) Only Paul will develop math anxiety, because the relationship between math and failure is unpredictable.
• C) Only Peter will develop math anxiety, because whenever math is presented, failure always follows.
• D) Neither Paul nor Peter will develop math anxiety, because neither situation reflects contingency of the CS and UCS.

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Definitions:

Nonprogrammed Decision

Decisions made in response to unique, non-routine, and unpredictable situations, requiring custom solutions and creative problem-solving.

Unstructured Problems

Issues or challenges that lack a clear procedure or path for resolution, often requiring creative solutions.

Nonprogrammed Decisions

Decisions made in response to situations that are unique, poorly defined, and largely unstructured, often requiring creative solutions.

Programmed Decisions

Decisions that are routine and repetitive, often made using established guidelines or procedures.