Tolman Was Interested in Examining the Role of Expectations in Behavior

question 41

Multiple Choice

Tolman was interested in examining the role of expectations in behavior. Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the method he used to study expectations?

• A) He never reinforced any given response in the same way twice.
• B) He reinforced a response the same way for several trials, then abruptly changed the type or amount of reinforcement.
• C) He asked subjects what they were expecting a particular response to accomplish.
• D) He gave his subjects a lengthy survey that included two or three questions concerning their expectations about the experiment.

---

Definitions:

Cortisol

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, often released in response to stress and low blood-glucose concentration.

Ghrelin

A hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates appetite, often termed the "hunger hormone."

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that helps to regulate body weight by signaling satiety to the brain.

Sleeptalking

The occurrence of speaking during sleep without being aware of it, ranging from simple mumblings to complex dialogues, and often considered a benign sleep disorder.