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According to the rational expectation hypothesis, unpredictable shocks may cause
Nonsmokers
Individuals who do not smoke cigarettes and are not exposed to the habit of inhaling smoke from combustible tobacco products.
Positive Reinforcer
A stimulus which, when presented after a behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Noxious Stimulus
An unpleasant or harmful stimulus that can cause pain or discomfort to an organism.
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning or conditioning.
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