Switch S Is Closed to Apply a Potential Difference V

question 2

Multiple Choice

Switch S is closed to apply a potential difference V across a p-n junction as shown. Relative to the energy levels of the n-type material, with the switch open, the electron levels of the p-type material are:

• A) unchanged
• B) lowered by the amount e^-Ve/kT
• C) lowered by the amount Ve
• D) raised by the amount e^-Ve/kT
• E) raised by the amount Ve

---

Definitions:

Contribution Margin

The amount by which the sale of a product or service exceeds variable costs, indicating how much it contributes to covering fixed costs.

Fixed Costs

Expenses that do not change with the level of production or sales, such as rent, salaries, and insurance premiums.

Marginal Costs

The additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of a good or service.

Average Costs

Total costs (fixed and variable) divided by the total quantity of output produced, representing the cost per unit of production on average.