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A 3.5-cm radius hemisphere contains a total charge of 6.6 *10-7 C.The flux through the rounded portion of the surface is 9.8 *104 N.m2/C.The flux through the flat base is:
Economies of Scale
The cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, leading to a reduced cost per unit of output.
Average Variable Cost Curve
A graphical representation that shows how the average variable cost of production varies with the level of output.
Long-run Average Total Cost
This refers to the per unit cost of production when all inputs can be adjusted, conceived for analyzing the scale of production without the constraint of fixed capital.
Per Unit Costs
The average cost for each unit produced, calculated by dividing the total costs of production by the number of units produced.
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