Formal Communication Consists of All the Following EXCEPT

question 4

Multiple Choice

Formal communication consists of all the following EXCEPT

• A) the grapevine.
• B) horizontal communication.
• C) upward communication.
• D) downward communication.

---

Definitions:

Robbers Cave Study

A famous social psychology experiment by Muzafer Sherif that demonstrated how group conflict can arise from competition for resources and be reduced through cooperative tasks.

Shared Threat

A situation in which a group of individuals or entities face a common danger, which can lead to increased cohesion and cooperation.

Intergroup Cooperation

Collaboration and teamwork between different groups or social categories in pursuit of a mutual goal.

Mortality Salience

The awareness by individuals that their death is inevitable, which can influence behaviors and attitudes.