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Which of the Following Types of Sampling Always Causes Bias

question 14

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Which of the following types of sampling always causes bias or inconsistency in the ordinary least squares estimators?


Definitions:

Melena

The passage of dark, tarry stools, containing digested blood, indicative of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Eructation

The act of belching or burping, releasing gas from the digestive tract through the mouth.

Cholangiography

A diagnostic imaging test used to visualize the bile ducts to identify obstructions, infections, stones, or cancers.

Colonoscopy

A medical procedure that uses a long, flexible tube with a camera on the end to examine the interior of the colon and rectum.

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