In Calculating the X-Ray Energy Levels the Effective Charge of the Nucleus

question 52

Multiple Choice

In calculating the x-ray energy levels the effective charge of the nucleus is taken to be Z - b, where Z is the atomic number.The parameter b enters because:

• A)an electron is removed from the inner shell
• B)a proton is removed from the nucleus
• C)the quantum mechanical force between two charges is less than the classical force
• D)the nucleus is screened by electrons
• E)the Pauli exclusion principle must be obeyed

---

Definitions:

Shopkeeper

An individual who owns or manages a small retail store.

Low Bidders

Entities or individuals who offer the lowest price to win contracts or procurements, particularly in auctions or competitive bidding processes.

Bargaining Position

The relative power or leverage that a person or entity holds in negotiation scenarios.

Close Substitutes

Products or services that can easily replace one another in use or consumption, often leading to intense competition between firms.