Examlex
Calculate values for the following topological properties of a closed-circular DNA molecule containing 2000 base pairs (for simplicity, assume there are 10 base pairs per turn in the relaxed DNA).
(a) The linking number when the DNA is relaxed
(b) The linking number when the DNA has been underwound by 10 enzymatic turnovers of DNA gyrase (+ATP)
(c) The linking number when the DNA has been underwound by binding five nucleosomes followed by complete relaxation by a eukaryotic topoisomerase
(d) The superhelical density of the DNA molecule in (b)
(e) The superhelical density of the DNA molecule in (c)
Programmed Contact
A virtual representation of a physical switch or condition used within PLC or relay logic to control the flow of a program.
Forcing Capability
Forcing capability refers to the ability within a control system, such as a PLC, to manually override the normal control logic to set an input or output to a specified state, useful for testing or emergency interventions.
Master Control Reset
A function in industrial control systems used to return a system or process to its default startup state, effectively resetting all controlled devices.
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