Simultaneous Causality Bias

question 28

Multiple Choice

Simultaneous causality bias

• A)is also called sample selection bias.
• B)happens in complicated systems of equations called block recursive systems.
• C)results in biased estimators if there is heteroskedasticity in the error term.
• D)arises in a regression of Y on X when, in addition to the causal link of interest from X to Y, there is a causal link from Y to X.

Recognize historical and modern leading causes of death and illness.

Understand the role of social/environmental factors and personality traits in health psychology.

Acknowledge gender differences in coping strategies and stress responses.

Grasp the physiological basis and benefits of laughter as a coping mechanism.

---

Definitions:

Tubular Reabsorption

The process by which the nephrons in the kidneys recover water and solutes from the filtrate and return them to the circulating blood.

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A structure in the kidney that regulates blood pressure by managing the release of renin.

Blood Pressure

The pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heart's contractions and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.

Loop of Henle

A section of the nephron in the kidney that functions in water and salt balance, crucial for urine concentration.