Because Statistical Software Plays Such an Important Role in Modern

question 4

Multiple Choice

Because statistical software plays such an important role in modern statistical applications,many studies have encouraged the use of technology in statistics courses.The Guidelines for the Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE) (Aliaga et al. ,2005) project was funded by the American Statistical Association to examine needs for college level statistics courses.One of the six recommendations from GAISE is the use of technology for developing conceptual understanding and analyzing data.A survey was sent to students at 100 different universities across the United States to access the relationship between ease of learning the statistical software program SAS and a student's currently level of SAS proficiency.The results of the survey are published in Jackson et al. ,2011,in the International Mathematical Forum journal and are shown below. Table 1.Two-way table for ease of learning SAS and SAS proficiency level. What size table is shown above?

• A)3 × 3
• B)4 × 4
• C)4 × 3
• D)None of the above

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Definitions:

Data

Factual information, often structured in numbers, text, or images, used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation.

Information

Data that has been processed, organized, or structured in a way that adds context or meaning.

Bounded Rationality Model

A concept suggesting that individuals make decisions based on the limited information available to them and within the constraints of their cognitive capacity.

Political Model

A framework that analyzes organizational decision-making and behavior through the lens of power, conflict, and lobbying among competing stakeholders.