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Explain Why Phrenology Is Considered Today to Be a Pseudoscience

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Essay

Explain why phrenology is considered today to be a pseudoscience.


Definitions:

Cross-Sectional Study

This observational research approach evaluates information from either an entire population or a sample that reflects it, focusing on a singular time frame.

Longitudinal Study

A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over short or long periods of time, often years or even decades.

Selective Attrition

Selective attrition refers to the phenomenon where participants drop out of a study at different rates, often influenced by specific characteristics, which can bias the results.

Demand Characteristics

Aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects.

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