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In the expectancy theory of motivation, the value the individual assigns to possible rewards and other work-related outcomes is called valence.
Labour Efficiency Variance
The difference between the actual labor hours used and the standard labor hours expected for the level of production achieved.
Variable Overhead
Indirect manufacturing costs that vary with the level of production output, such as utilities and maintenance expenses.
Labour Rate Variance
The difference between the actual cost of labor and its budgeted (or standard) cost, often arising from paying different wages than anticipated.
Flexible Budget Variance
A financial performance measure that compares actual results with expected outcomes based on different levels of production or sales activity.
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