A Lack of Participation Error Is Most Likely to Occur

question 120

Multiple Choice

A lack of participation error is most likely to occur when:

• A) the planning process becomes an end in itself.
• B) the performance of top management is not monitored.
• C) key persons are not included in the strategic planning.
• D) there is lack of efficiency in vertical communication.
• E) the cost leadership strategy and the differentiation strategy are used simultaneously.

---

Definitions:

Superstar

A superstar is a highly prominent or exceptionally talented person, especially in entertainment or sports, who commands a significant degree of public fascination and influence.

Simultaneously Provided Services

Services that are provided simultaneously are those that occur or are delivered at the same time to consumers.

Signaling Theory

A theoretical framework suggesting that people signal their ability or quality through actions or investments, which others interpret to make informed decisions.

Efficiency Wages

A theory suggesting that higher wages can lead to increased productivity by improving worker morale, reducing turnover, and attracting more skilled employees.